Discontinuous characters in the skeleton are strictly linked to the genes that codify them and are hence hereditary. The characters herein considered may be grouped in four categories (Ossemberg 1969, Hauser et al. 1989): hypostatic variations (incomplete or lack of ossification, growth stop), hyperostotic variations (excessive ossification), sutures and supernumerary ossification centres (wormian bones, lack of ossification between two bones), foramens, incisures and canals (foramens and double or multiple canals generated by branching out of veins and nerves).
Brothwell 2008
Pinhasi et al. 2008
Roberts et al. 2005
Aufderheide et al. 1998
Hauser et al. 1989
Alciati et al. 1987
Ortner et al. 1985
Zimmerman et al. 1982
Ossemberg 1969
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