Alterations to the synovial articulations lead to a chronic and progressive non-inflammatory pathological condition characterised by loss of articular cartilage and subsequent lesion to the articular surface by direct contact. The aetiology may be physical (trauma, congenital dislocation), infectious, metabolic, vascular (dissecating osteochondritis) or linked to neutrophic (rheumatoid arthritis) and extra-articular factors such as functional bio-mechanical stresses and congenital deformations.
Brothwell 2008
Pinhasi et al. 2008
Roberts et al. 2005
Aufderheide et al. 1998
Hauser et al. 1989
Alciati et al. 1987
Ortner et al. 1985
Zimmerman et al. 1982
Ossemberg 1969
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